Liberation of Bangladesh - Terrible Alliance of USA-China-Pakistan - Still India won the hearts and the glory

EAST PAKISTAN-WEST PAKISTAN           

          When India and Pakistan was partitioned as 2 independent nations , Pakistan had two geographically and culturally different Areas -West and East Pakistan , they were separated by 1000's of kilometers .Although the population of the two zones was close to equal, political power was concentrated in West Pakistan and it was widely perceived that East Pakistan was being exploited economically, Administration of two discontinuous territories was also seen as a challenge . Although East Pakistan had a larger population, West Pakistan dominated the divided country politically and received more money from the common budget.The situation reached a climax in 1970, when the Awami League, the largest East Pakistani political party, led by sheikh Mujibur Rahman , won a landslide victory in the national elections. The party won 167 of the 169 seats allotted to East Pakistan, and thus a majority of the 313 seats in the National Assembly. This gave the Awami League the constitutional right to form a government. But West Pakistan political leaders, people and military doesn't  want a East Pakistan Party and Leader to Rule them .East Pakistan Political leader Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Preident Yahya khan  promised for a Two Prime minister ship , But they didn't even accept Rahman's demand for withdrawing army from East Pakistan . Thus Rahman called for a Civil Rise against West Pakistan's dominance in East Pakistan,Which laid the foundation for Liberation of Bangladesh.

ATROCITIES BY PAKISTAN ARMY IN EAST PAKISTAN(BANGLADESH) :

       
    Pakistan Army Launched a Military operation named 'Operation Searchlight' to curb the Bengali nationalist movement by taking control of the major cities , and then eliminating all opposition, political or military, within one month. Before the beginning of the operation, all foreign journalists were systematically deported from East Pakistan.        

        The operation also began the 1971 Bangladesh atrocities. These systematic killings served only to enrage the Bengalis, which ultimately resulted in the secession of East Pakistan later in the same year. The international media and reference books in English have published casualty figures which vary greatly, from 5,000–35,000 in Dhaka, and 200,000–3,000,000 for Bangladesh as a whole, and the atrocities have been referred to as acts of Genocide.      

       At a meeting of the military top brass, Yahya Khan declared:    

       "Kill 3 million of them and the rest will eat out of our hands."              

        

        Accordingly the Pakistani Army launched Operation Searchlight to "crush" Bengali resistance in which Bengali members of military services were disarmed and killed, students and the intelligentsia systematically liquidated and able-bodied Bengali males just picked up and gunned down. And most of Hindu Areas were targeted and men were killed and women were Raped and Children were left wounded , Nearly 200,000 women were Raped . In between Bangladesh also suffered by cyclone which made Millions of people to die due to malnutrition . And also also Thousands lost their life for cholera.

INDIA SPONSORED REBELS

     When millions crossed the border, Indian Government Started Aiding them, But situation got worse day by day . And also Indira Gandhi wanted to help the Rebels and End the Genocide , so India Actively Sponsored Rebels MUKTI BAHINI and gave them Military aid .

NIXON'S Political stand  

                    

Nixon's Foreign Policies were very different from his predecessors , He wanted to make peace with Russia And China , He signed SALT , He tried to Establish a stable relation between USA and USSR , But Russia seemed very reluctant. But USA-CHINA Friendship went well, Nixon opened trade with CHINA.

    China had a very good relationship with Pakistan ,Especially After Sino-India War .And USA used Pakistan as a link between them and China . Nixon personally liked Pakistan Prime minister Yahya khan which added to America's Anti-Indian Stand on those days.

    Though Nehru announced that India will be on a Neutral side ,he himself is a strong socialist .Thus this made India to tilt a little bit on the sides of Russia .So,This made USA to sponsor and help Pakistan ,Since they don't USSR to establish it's hand in the East.In addition to that Nixon had a strong animosity today Indira Gandhi , and strong affection towards Pakistan President Yahya khan , Thus his personal interests reflected very much on the Nation's foreign policies. 

    Nixon 's conversation with National Security Adviser Kissinger in Oval office , reveals his bad chemistry towards Indians and Mrs. Indira Gandhi 

   "This is just the point when she is such a bitch," Nixon begins without preamble in an Oval Office conversation with Kissinger on November 5, 1971, referring to Mrs Gandhi's efforts to rouse international opinion and US conscience over the bloodletting in East Pakistan. "Well, the Indians are bastards anyway," responds Kissinger without much prompting. "They are starting a war there. It's—to them East Pakistan is no longer the issue." 

   When Kissinger informed Nixon about the Message from America's Ambassador to India, Kenneth keating to help Indians to wipe out Pakistanis from West Pakistan , Nixon Replied ,

    "I don't want him to come in with that kind of jackass thing with me... Keating, like every ambassador who goes over there and fall in love with the Indians."

INDIA ENTERS IN TO A DIRECT WAR

              

       Since Atrocities and genocide of Pakistan Army continued ,India was left with less choices , so It Thus enters in to a Direct War . Nixon and Pakistan Wanted China to Attack India, But China Refused saying that the situation was not the same as it was during Sino-India war ,when china attacked India surprisingly but then India was very Alert that time ,Mrs.Indira Gandhi made  real smart moves of waiting and bearing the Pakistan Army's Atrocities till Indian Army was set to fight , all the border - borders with china , Pakistan were Armed heavily . when Every thing was set , India decisively defeated Pakistan Army and liberated Bangladesh

    India took 90,000 Armed men of Pakistan Army as Prisoners of war, which was the second highest headcount after world war 2 .

USA's Funny moves towards the end of the war

   
   The United States supported Pakistan both politically and materially. US President Richard Nixon denied getting involved in the situation, saying that it was an internal matter of Pakistan, but when Pakistan's defeat seemed certain, Nixon sent the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise to the Bay of Bengal, a move deemed by the Indians as a nuclear threat. Enterprise arrived on station on 11 December 1971. On 6 and 13 December, theSoviet Navy dispatched two groups of ships, armed with nuclear missiles, from Vladivostok , after that USA retreated  .

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References

http://nixontapes.org/india-pakistan.htmlhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-blood-telegram-nixon-kissinger-and-a-forgotten-genocide-by-gary-j-bass/2013/10/04/aa475130-1fc9-11e3-b7d1-7153ad47b549_story_1.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/30/opinion/nixon-and-kissingers-forgotten-shame.html

http://www.newrepublic.com/article/115435/gary-basss-blood-telegram-reviewed-sunil-khilnani

http://www.ipcs.org/books-review/pakistan/conflict-and-diplomacy-us-and-the-birth-of-bangladesh-pakistan-242.html

http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2014/03/26/gary-j-bass-nixon-knew-of-the-massacre-in-bangladesh/

http://books.google.co.in/books?id=iC91cHgLenIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

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Images has been Taken from Wikipedia 

Kashmir - beyond INDIA and Pakistan .

 Background of the dispute :          

        

         Kashmir was one of the 565 princely states that existed in India during the British Rule.These Princely states were not parts of British india , but were tied to it in a system of subsidiary alliances.In 1947, when British decided to leave India , they passed Indian Independence Act 1947 provisioning partitions and partitioning and other administrative aspects . The main provisions of the Act are

    

    1.Partition of British India Into India and Pakistan.

    2.Partition of Bengal and Punjab between India and Pakistan.

    3.Princely states would be completely Independent ,the Ruler can decide      whether to accede to India ,to accede to Pakistan,or to remain independent.

        Nearly 560 Princely states acceded with India  and a few Muslim states which were close to Pakistan's territory acceded with Pakistan.The Hindu Ruler of Kashmir Hari singh didn't want to join Pakistan and also India.But Militant Muslim Revolutionaries and Pakistani tribesmen made a rapid advance in to kashmir to capture the power,now the Maharaja desperately needed military assistance when the Pakistani tribals reached the outskirts of Srinagar. Before their arrival into Srinagar, India argued that the Maharaja must complete negotiations for ceding Jammu and Kashmir to India in exchange for receiving military aid. The agreement which ceded Jammu and Kashmir to India was signed by the Maharaja  In Jammu and Kashmir,  Indian army worked out  to drive out the Pakistanis.But pakistan occupied the western part of kashmir and refused to vacate .Hence many wars were fought on this cause .And also in Sino-Indian war India lost badly and hence China occupied a part of kashmir. these are the disputed territories of kashmir.

INDIA's view

          The dispute Began from the very first day Kashmir was annexed with India,So India Treated Kashmir Separately from other states of the country.

"I say with all respect to our Constitution that it just does not matter what your Constitution says; if the people of Kashmir do not want it, it will not go there. Because what is the alternative? The alternative is compulsion and coercion..."
"We have fought the good fight about Kashmir on the field of battle... (and) ...in many a chancellery of the world and in the United Nations, but, above all, we have fought this fight in the hearts and minds of men and women of that State of Jammu and Kashmir. Because, ultimately - I say this with all deference to this Parliament - the decision will be made in the hearts and minds of the men and women of Kashmir; neither in this Parliament, nor in the United Nations nor by anybody else," Jawaharlal Nehru said in the Lok Sabha on June 26 and August 7, 1952.

        And hence Article 370 was framed to the Indian Constitution ,It Grants Special Status for Jammu & Kashmir .

Article 370 :

        According to this Article, except for defence, foreign affairs, finance and communications, the Parliament needs the state government's concurrence for applying all other laws. Thus the state's residents live under a separate set of laws, including those related to citizenship, ownership of property, and fundamental rights, as compared to other Indians. As a result of this provision, Indian citizens from other states can not purchase land or property in Jammu & Kashmir.Under Article 370, the Centre has no power to declare financial emergency under Article 360 in the state. It can declare emergency in the state only in case of war or external aggression. The Union government can therefore not declare emergency on grounds of internal disturbance or imminent danger unless it is made at the request or with the concurrence of the state government.

         India contested public elections all these years and few were really successful .but Indian government was not able to gain the confidence of kashmir people and give them a peaceful life .

KASHMIR People's view:

        In Kashmir ,Indian Government has equipped more than 1 million Militants and Reserve Forces . which always keep a stress in kashmir and in addition to that government of India has implemented AFSPA in kashmir .

AFSPA(Armed Forces Special Power Act) :

           AFSPA exists not only Kashmir but also in North East states of India. AFSPA is absolute brutality and human right violations..

        According to the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA), in an area that is proclaimed as "disturbed", an officer of the armed forces has powers to:

• After giving such due warning, Fire upon or use other kinds of force even if it causes death, against the person who is acting against law or order in the disturbed area for the maintenance of public order,

• Destroy any arms dump, hide-outs, prepared or fortified position or shelter or training camp from which armed attacks are made by the armed volunteers or armed gangs or absconders wanted for any offence.

• To arrest without a warrant anyone who has committed cognizable offences or is reasonably suspected of having done so and may use force if needed for the arrest.

• To enter and search any premise in order to make such arrests, or to recover any person wrongfully restrained or any arms, ammunition or explosive substances and seize it.

• Stop and search any vehicle or vessel reasonably suspected to be carrying such person or weapons.

• Any person arrested and taken into custody under this Act shall be made over to the officer in charge of the nearest police station with the least possible delay, together with a report of the circumstances occasioning the arrest.

• Army officers have legal immunity for their actions. There can be no prosecution, suit or any other legal proceeding against anyone acting under that law. Nor is the government's judgment on why an area is found to be disturbed subject to judicial review.

• Protection of persons acting in good faith under this Act from prosecution, suit or other legal proceedings, except with the sanction of the Central 
  
  
  People claims that more than 1 lakh people has been murdered by Indian militants in kashmir .So, Some section of people want a separate nation and majority of people want indian army to evacuate .

Pakistan's View

       Pakistan did nothing good for the people in Pakistan  Administrated Kashmir , All Pakistan did was sponsoring  terrorist groups in the disputed state of Kashmir, funding, training and arming them in their war of attrition against India. Today Pakistan is probably today's most active sponsor of terrorism.

       Former Pakistan Ruler Pervez Musharaf  has conceded that his forces trained militant groups to fight India in Indian-administered Kashmir.India has been consistent in alleging that Pakistan was involved in training and arming underground militant groups to fight Indian forces in Kashmir.The ISI is also accused of supporting Taliban forces and recruiting and training mujaheedin to fight in Afghanistan and Kashmir.

Conclusion.

     Because of this dispute ,people of kashmir has suffered a lot , so both the country must resume peace talks and both the country should loosen the stress by getting back their Armed forces .Pakistan must stop promoting Terrorism and ,India must withdraw laws like AFSPA . 

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References:

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/State-data-refutes-claim-of-1-lakh-killed-in-Kashmir/articleshow/8918214.cms

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/What-is-Article-370/articleshow/26780057.cms

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_and_state_sponsored_terrorism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFSPA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir

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Image has been taken from wikepedia.

Partition of India -1million died -Whose fault is that ?

             World war II left Britain Bankrupt and in Economic depression , which created the circumstances that the cost of maintaining an Army in India is not possible anymore .. So, British decided to leave India as early as possible .

             So,The Independent India was obvious and very near , But a fear developed in the minds of Muslims about what would happen if British leave .It Reflected in the Arguments of Muslim league Leaders.

        

            Jawaharlal Nehru and Mahatma Gandhiji representing Indian National Congress wanted a Single State,where all Religions would live side by side , But Muslim League wanted a separate state , Pakistan.

         In Feb 1947, British government declared irrespective of the situations they will leave India by June 1948 . And British Government appointed Lord Mountbatten  as the new viceroy to manage the chaos and handle the power to Indians in this period. Constant negotiations were held and Partition was decided. It was decided to give Muslim majority states as Pakistan and Hindu majority states  as India ,  Punjab and Bengal will be divided between India and Pakistan. After deciding this Mountbatten Announced that British will not be leaving on June,1948 but by 

Aug 1947 itself. He said ,"Why should we wait,If i stay then I will be responsible for law and order". It forced the phase of partition to be furious..On July 8,1947 Radcliffe came to India .He has to draw the new map of India and Pakistan - Radcliffe line in 36 days .

         Hindus Prayed that their District must come in India and Muslims wanted to be in Pakistan. Looting , killing began in Punjab even before partition was announced ..On Aug 14, 1947 a new country was born, the dream of the Muslim homeland came reality in Pakistan .

          When Mountbatten announced the partition , the line fly through Punjab and Bengal .. Millions started Migrating from the places where lived for decades and generations .Over 15 million people migrated and nearly 1 millions died on riots .

1 million died.. whose Fault is that ? . whom to be blamed ,
Lets look from Everyone's Side ..

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Radcliffe's side :-

              In no way Radcliffe could be Blamed for What had happened , Because he had just 36 days to draw line between two countries , In which he was very concerned about sharing the Rivers , Dams , Canals,Railways, Roadways and also he must keep the priority for religious majority . It is nearly impossible to do that on those days with less indexed census datum and lack of technologies . He did his best , He even said ,"There will be conflicts,controversy and violence in any drawing of line,here,there ,anywhere". So Radcliffe can't be blamed.

Jawaharlal Nehru's side:-

            Nehru Agreed for the partition because he was cornered to do that . He might have forced a united India , but Jinnah was not compromising for anything less than a separate country. Though his decision to agree was a cause for the riots . He can't be blamed for what had happened.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah's side:-

              Jinnah's call for Direct Action vanished the hope of a Single India ,Yet he can't be blamed solely for the riots because he only expressed the Fear of the Muslim community towards single India , But he could have agreed for some compromising deals with reservations for Muslims and such .But he can't be Blamed for Everything that had happened . 

Mahatma Gandhiji's side :-

                 Gandhiji ,of all his life he wanted a united India ,Even after kolkatta killings he still hoped for a united India ,Because he believed that ," If all community could live peacefully under British rule ,why not under an Indian Rule".He even proposed of Making Jinnah as Prime minister ahead of Nehruji ,But Jinnah refused that by saying , majority People might not accept him and that might cause the country unstable. So Gandhiji can never be blamed for these Riots .

Mountbatten's side :-

                Mountbatten was solely responsible for the 1 million lives and if someone has to be blamed for ,it is him . because he wanted to separate more than 5000 km of boundary line in a month time . though he had a year to do that , he forced the partition in 30 days . And also he announced the boundaries after announcing independance , Even if had waited for a week to allow people to migrate then it would have avoided a massive killing .

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Images has been taken from wikipedia ..

If Roosevelt had remained in power, the Cold War might have been delayed or even avoided completely..

                        The Cold War marked a period of Stress between superpowers: that of the USA (and by extension, the West) and the USSR and the East. This hostility began after the Second World War, despite the supposed Friendship between the two superpowers during the war as allies against Hitler and Fascism. Whether the stress between the superpowers was caused by their differing ideologies (the capitalist West and the communist East) or a clash between national interests and strong personalities is a matter for debate. Winston Churchill could be said to have helped cause the Cold War because of his ideological differences with Stalin. His 1946 ‘Iron Curtain’ speech certainly caused tension: it unveiled to the world Stalin’s increasing “Soviet sphere” and “increasing measure of control from Moscow”, strongly showing his disapproval of Stalin’s swooping over Eastern Europe and inferring his strongly anti-communist stance. However, this speech was given in 1946, and Churchill was no longer the Prime Minister; that role had passed to Clement Attlee, inferring that he felt he was only able to make such a blunt statement of his views once he was out of power. Conversely, when he was in high office, Churchill was able to work well with Stalin – he called him “Uncle Joe”, inferring they were more than just cordial allies working purely against Stalin. In fact, the Iron Curtain speech could be seen as hypocritical as Churchill made an agreement with Stalin which allowed him to have 75% of influence in Bulgaria and 90% in Romania, two of the places he referenced in the speech. Conversely, it could be construed that Churchill knew he had to work with Stalin the best he could, but nonetheless did not share his ideas. While their relationship during the war could have been seen as constructive, ultimately Churchill’s anti-communist stance caused tension, inferring that ideological differences did have more input into the origins of the Cold War.

 

The leaders during 1945 were able to work well together for a joint aim – to defeat Fascism – regardless of ideological differences. Franklin Roosevelt, for instance, was optimistic that he would still be able to work with Stalin after the war had ended, inferring a conciliatory and not necessarily biased nature against communism. In fact, Roosevelt saved the American economy with a socialist policy known as the New Deal, using federal government funding and stimulus in order to bring America out of depression. Stalin would potentially be able to relate to his aims and methods in that sense, and therefore could work with him as they held common ground. Regrettably, Roosevelt’s death in 1945 caused his vice-president, Harry Truman, to take control of the presidency. Truman’s inexperience in foreign policy was reflected in his workings with Stalin, Truman’s decision not to inform Stalin of the Manhattan Project would have caused their relationship to worsen. The atomic bomb was an incredibly destructive weapon; not revealing it to Stalin could infer that Truman intended to intimidate Stalin with it, doubtlessly increasing Stalin’s suspicion of America. Its use also ensured that Stalin had no part in the defeat of Japan. Stalin might have considered this a slight as Russia had historical tensions with Japan after the 1905 Russo-Japanese War, in which the Russians lost territory to their enemies. As Truman had effectively stopped Stalin from enacting revenge on those who gave Russia an embarrassing defeat, it could be seen that Truman’s heavy handed foreign policy ideals caused the alienation of the Soviet Union, allowing the situation to plunge into one of mutual hostility. 

The ideologies underpinning the two great superpowers can be seen to be instrumental in the origins of the Cold War. In the Western world, retaining liberty and liberalism had taken Britain into the Second World War, and therefore they were willing to protect that as much as they could in the face of fascism. Whether Stalin’s actions were purely motivated by the wish to spread his own ideology is a matter of debate, but his use of Communism to permeate eastern Europe and create a bloc of countries under his control is undeniable. The spread of communism obviously made the Western leaders very uncomfortable. Truman based his entire strategy of containment on George Kennan’s frank analysis of communism and its leaders in the USSR, perhaps inferring that he judged ideology to be the most prevalent problem in the USSR and that his opposition was towards communism and not the Russians himself: Kennan recognised the Russian people as being “by and large, friendly to outside world, eager for experience of it”; he implies the entire problem is the ideology, and the leaders who believe in it. The American hostility to communism (and Soviet distrust of capitalism) therefore played a huge role in the shaping of the Cold War as it was to become. The core ideologies of the Western and Eastern powers did help form the base of the Cold War. National priorities – such as the need for a free market to sell goods– are often dictated by the ideology which the country supports. However, this seems to be more relevant to the USA than the USSR; it has been suggested that the USSR lost its priority to spread international communism in 1921, as civil war loomed. Eastern Europe seemed to be affected more by Stalin’s need to protect and build up his country than any real desire to spread communism; the ideology seemed to be a means to an end, rather than the integral purpose of creating the Eastern bloc. Stalin’s personality, suspicions of the West and need to protect the USSR from attack could therefore be construed to be more important than ideology, in which case it can be concluded that while ideology played an undeniable part in the origins of the Cold War, both national interests and the leadership driving the superpowers certainly played an important part. Indeed, it could be construed that if Churchill and Roosevelt had remained in power, the Cold War might have been delayed or even avoided completely.

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References

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/truman_01.shtml

http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/g/gaddis-war.html

http://hnn.us/article/36194

Cold War - the beginning of stress around the globe

                 During the course of World War 2 , No country had a real relationship . Russia and Germany begun the war as allies ended up as enemies .so was USA- USSR relationship. Their friendship was a illusory .Before the war , Americans depicted soviet as a devil-incarnate and soviet likewise .Their friendship happened only due to the reason that they had a common Enemy Germany , and nothing more..

                  Now After the war ,Stalin wanted to establish his power over Europe , At the end of the war, Stalin promissed to conduct Elections in Germany and Other occupied areas but he never did that .And also at the end of the WW2 ,America used Atomic bomb on Japan .That developed a Fear in Stalin's mind .their mutual fear let to Cold war .And America's Hatred towards communism let to war in several parts of the world ..

World After World War II

                           I am going to write about the Wars and Warcrimes tat happened after worldwar II both Military Wars and  Civil Wars Around the world .
                       
                          Wars by America in vietnam, cambodia, korea, Afghanistan, Gulf countries.. etc . And also about Civil wars in Africa and Asia . sino-India war, Indo-pak wars. palestine conflits,kashmir conflits and lot more.

                          I am going to Explain the two sides of the wars based on Books,News Articles,Documentaries .. etc